When preparing a patient for brachial plexus exploration, the shoulder is elevated, usually by a folded sheet, and the patient’s head is rotated away from the side to be exposed. On this cadaver, b ...

Cause-forced or repetitive plantar flexion of the footOccurs in dancers and athletesPresentation-pain in the medial or lateral aspect of the ankle posteriorly with a ...

The radial head articulates with the capitellum. Both surfaces are covered by articular cartilage, but the diameter of the radial head is always greater than that of the capitellum. The radial head ...

The articular relationship of the glenohumeral joint is often described as a golf ball resting on a tee. Given the relative lack of bony conformity, when compared to other ball-and-socket joint suc ...

Two components of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were described as early as 1938 when Palmer described an anteromedial and posterolateral component of the ACL.1 This anatomy was la ...

The knee joint is the largest joint in the human body. It has a single cavity with three articulations: patellofemoral medial tibiofemoral late ...

The muscles of the foot are divided into four layers, ranging from superficial to deep. One should remember that the foot is divided into nine compartments when considering performing a release for ...

The hip is the most structurally stable joint in the body. Acetabular stability is enhanced by three thickenings in the hip capsule, the iliofemoral, ischial-femoral and pubo-femoral ligaments. The ...

The humeral diaphysis is defined by the upper border of the pectoralis major muscle insertion to the flare of the supracondylar ridges. Proximally, its shape is cylindrical. Distally, it flattens i ...

Important properties of articular cartilage include: Avascular (no blood vessels) Aneural (no nerve fibers) Alymphatic (no lymphatic vessels) Very l ...