The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae that form a firm yet flexible structure that supports the trunk and appendages as well as provides protection for the spinal cord. The vertebrae are divid ...

Orthopedic surgeons often treat patients with hip fractures. Patients older than 60 years of age, especially female patients, present a special challenge. Any patient who sustains a low-energy hi ...

Bone Remodeling and Resorption
Frank J. Frassica, MD
Chairman, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Chief, Adult Division and Musculoskeletal Oncology
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland

Orthopedic Challenges in the Elderly

Polyethylene Bearings: What Is Next?

Why is calcium important and how is the calcium balance maintained? Zaleske1 describes 3 principles: At the pH of body fluids, CaHPO4 is not freely soluble. The ...

The scapula is a bone with complex geometry which overlies the second through seventh ribs and is tilted forward 30° with respect to the coronal plane. Seventeen muscles completely en ...

Hemihypertrophy/hemihypotrophy refers to asymmetries between sides of the body. These asymmetries may involve limbs, trunk, or organs. Side-to-side differences up to 1 cm after infancy are normal b ...

Fracture Features Stress fractures most often occur from changes in an athlete ...

The elbow is made up of three articulations in one common synovial cavity: the ulnohumeral (ulnotrochlear) joint, the radiohumeral (radiocapitellar) joint and the proximal radioulnar joint. The uln ...