The term spondylolisthesis is used to describe the displacement of one vertebral segment on another. Most commonly, it relates to pathology associated with the lumbosacral spine. The lumb ...

The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae, and representsthe largest segment of the spine. As surgical approaches and internal fixationtechniques in the spine continue to evolve, a thorough knowl ...

Pyogenic osteomyelitis is commonly seen in the lumbar andthoracic spine. The incidence of the thoracic pyogenic osteomyelitis reportedfrom several studies ranges from 40% to 50% of all cases of spi ...

Thoracic disk herniation is extremely uncommon as compared toincidence in the cervical and lumbar region. The variable and nonspecificpresentations make correct diagnosis more difficult, especially ...

The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae that form a firm, but flexible, shaft that supports the trunk and appendages and provides protection for the spinal cord. The lumbar spine is ch ...

Spinal infections may involve the vertebral body (vertebral osteomyelitis), the intervertebral disc (infectious discitis), or the spinal canal and its contents (spinal epidural abscess). ...

Spinal stenosis represents a narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramina producing root ischemia and neurogenic claudication. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is the result of chr ...

The prevalence of symptomatic lumbosacral disk herniation is relatively small. It is important to differentiate between the reasonably well-defined entity of sciatica resulting from a herniat ...

The consequences of normal aging of the spine include progressive disk dehydration, chemical alterations and subsequent mechanical "incompetence," which may be manifested in low back pain ...

Hip fractures that fail to heal typically cause marked pain and profound disability. Effective strategies to salvage these difficult problems are important. Treatment of failed hip fractures is div ...